Building Stalin’s Cult of Personality Essay Example Essay Example

Building Stalin’s Cult of Personality Essay Example Paper Building Stalin’s Cult of Personality Essay Introduction What is the significance of propaganda throughout history? Why are the great rulers so great? How do rulers like Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini and many others manage to win people’s approval and support? All these questions can be answered with a single word – propaganda. Propaganda has been helping great rulers to establish great states and it has also brought confidence and stability to these states. During the beginning of the 20th century Russia was suffering a crisis (â€Å"The Stalin Cult: the Cult of Personality†). After World War I and the Civil War, Russia had reached the pick of its downfall, so just when Russia needed someone that could bring back the order, Stalin and his cult of personality gave Russia a way out of the crisis (â€Å"The Stalin Cult: the Cult of Personality†).Using propaganda Stalin managed to unite the whole nation and, thus lead Russia out of the crisis. Soon after Stalin’s death it was Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 at th e Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party exposed Stalin’s â€Å"Cult of Personality†, coined the term â€Å"Stalinism† and began calling him â€Å"Vozhd† (meaning Leader) (â€Å"Cult of Personality†). This cult helped the â€Å"Vozhd† maintain control in the USSR, while propaganda and manipulation were massively used to extend and reinforce his cult of personality.Stalinist propaganda dates its beginning in the 1920s when its use was necessary due to the newly arisen power struggle for dominance in the USSR (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). Lenin’s death in January 1924 was a tragedy that affected the nation (â€Å"Why Stalin and Not Trotsky?†). Upon his death a cult was formed, called the Lenin cult, which described him as the â€Å"the greatest leader of all time and all nations† (â€Å"Why Stalin and Not Trotsky?†). When Lenin died he left over a political â€Å"testament†, calling for Stal in’s removal from his position as a secretary of the party. This document was potentially disastrous to Stalin’s career, but his skills and luck gave him the opportunity to discount it (â€Å"Why Stalin and Not Trotsky?†). After Lenin’s death there were five possible candidates for his successor (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). They were all Lenin’s personal choice: Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin (â€Å"Why Stalin and Not Trotsky?†).Actually, it was Trotsky, who was the natural heir to Lenin, since he was the one to organize the October coup to manage the Red Army in the Civil War and was quite popular (â€Å"Why Stalin and Not Trotsky?†). He had also helped Lenin’s rise to power (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). However, his chances of succeeding Lenin were probably more apparent than real. Trotsky was a poor administrator, who joined the Bolshevik party late, and his Jewishness was not an advantage in a country where Jews were widely blamed for the devastations done by communism (â€Å"Stalin and The Lesser Gods†). On the other hand, although far less known, it was more possible for Stalin to inherit Lenin (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). Since he was intellectually plain, a dry speaker and an awful writer, Stalin preferred to control and operate behind the curtains (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). He was a true manipulator, who used all possible, but well thought tactics to make people do obey his commands.Propaganda and manipulation was used in the 1920s to grant Stalin a victory in the ongoing power struggle. By 1922 Stalin was in a unique position to manipulate policies due to the fact that he belonged both to the Politburo (it set policy) and the Secretariat (it managed personnel) (â€Å"Stalin and The Lesser Gods†). To hold back Trotsky, he also entered in an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev, thus forming a â€Å"triu mvirate† (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). The triumvirate dominated in the Politburo and also isolated their common rival (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†).Aware of the power struggle arising and the deep affairs of his successors, Lenin tried to intervene and keep the party discipline, but the triumvirate gave orders and he was left banned from involvement in any government affairs (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). Next, Stalin broke up the triumvirate to obtain â€Å"undisputed personal leadership† (â€Å"Stalin and The Cult of Personality1†). Then, in order achieve full control Stalin had to win the support of the party cadres, so he promised to provide a continued and stable leadership, to repel all of the democratic challenges and to maintain any privileges the country has gained (â€Å"The Stalin Cult: the Cult of Personality†).Not only Stalin concentrated on manipulation of the party, but immediately after Lenin†™s death he also endorsed an extravagant quasi-Byzantine cult of the departed leader in order to start building his own cult of personality and undermine his opponents’ authority (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). He rewrote history in such a way as to make himself appear much closer to Lenin than he was in fact (â€Å"Stalin and The Cult of Personality1†). Since people were vulnerable at that time it was easy for them to be convinced in Stalin’s new reproach that in its own way looked very much like Lenin’s. Stalin indeed loved Lenin and wanted to prove his love not only to other people but to himself as well (â€Å"Stalin and The Cult of Personality1†). He succeeded in doing so because people began putting their names together (â€Å"Stalin and The Cult of Personality1†³).†Laughter in the village,Voice behind the plow,Lenin and Stalin,And these verses now.† (by Pasternak) (â€Å"Stalin and The Cult of Personality2â € ).Stalin finally managed to mislead the public that he was closer to Lenin than Trotsky was and this made him the ideal choice for the new Leader. After getting rid of Trotsky, Stalin also used propaganda to erase his image from any popular photographs of the time (look at Appendix – Propaganda #1, #2) Thus, because of the most powerful weapon – propaganda and manipulation – the power struggle was ended in favor of Stalin.On assuming full control over the USSR, Stalin began major reforms with the help of propaganda in order to rebuild the country. Stalin’s policy differed from Lenin’s in that he believed that men worked for communism. That is why he instantly ended the New Economic Policy and introduced the First Five Year Plan (â€Å"Revolution by Design†). At the time mobilization was the major desire and for it to be fulfilled a harshly controlled propaganda was engendered (â€Å"Revolution by Design†). Among factories, farms and all of the public places appeared vociferous posters in infinite varieties and quantities (â€Å"Revolution by Design†).As Gustav Klutsis said: â€Å"the country was on the attack!† to fulfill the new plan, to exceed the quotas in any possible way, to secure the USSR (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). Klutsis converted the techniques of the 1920s into an illustration of the plan (â€Å"Revolution by Design†). Although he used simple colors for his art, many were astonished by the dynamics, which were imposed by newly introduced perspectives and proportions (â€Å"Revolution by Design†). All of this was juxtaposed with bold, florid typography in order to emphasize and stress the heroic age (look at Appendix – Propaganda #3) (â€Å"Revolution by Design†).Right after this wild age, Stalin announced a Second Five Year Plan to start immediately (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). It had to deal with the entire leniency allo wed to writers and artists at the times of Trotsky and Lenin (â€Å"The Long History of Censorship†). Lenin and Trotsky may have introduced this new policy since they have realized how easy intellectuals could convey new ideas in society. As a result, the years of this new order saw a great degree of novelty in both literature and arts, which was harshly contrasting to the general political severity of the regime (â€Å"The Long History of Censorship†). However, upon the annunciation of the Second Five Year Plan all leniency came to its end (â€Å"The Long History of Censorship†). Thus, the censorship and the purging became even more convoluted and ominous (â€Å"The Long History of Censorship†).In the Second Five Year Plan all efforts were directed in another direction – repression (â€Å"Revolution by Design†). In 1934 Stalin embarked first on a purgation of the Party and then of the army (â€Å"Revolution by Design†). Those who wer e suspected to disagree or even lack enthusiasm were either sent to labor camps or executed (â€Å"Revolution by Design†). Many artists from the earlier period died at that time and one of them is Klutsis, who died in the camps (gulags) (â€Å"Revolution by Design†). Still, in art, literature and any form of expressions of that time one theme dominated and that was the role of the infallible â€Å"Vozhd† – Joseph Stalin (â€Å"The Long History of Censorship†). His image appeared anywhere, in any kind of context – he achieved a status of a demi-god in the USSR (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). He believed he was the â€Å"great leader and teacher of the Soviet people† (look at Appendix – Propaganda #4) (â€Å"Stalin Controls His Image†).He wanted more than anything to be represented as people’s closest friend, their comrade and successor of Lenin (â€Å"Stalin Controls His Image†). The end justifi ed the means and it did not matter if a few photos had to be adjusted. Spontaneity and originality were driven out by terror and fear, thus producing the new art – the art of Social Realism (â€Å"The Struggle for Succession†). It dominated in the USSR long after Stalin’s death in 1953 (â€Å"Revolution by Design†). Stalin has made a lot of reforms to rebuilt the USSR, which all differ in methods and tactics, but they all have at least one thing in common – the usage of propaganda and manipulation.Stalin’s cult of personality is not by chance because it succeeded to unify the nation, stabilize the state and therefore bring Russia back to power. Even though his reign was primarily related to terror, horror and slaughter, it also helped Russia gradually get out of the crisis it suffered due do previous wars. To rise to power, he built his own by manipulative tactics and propaganda, which on the other hand built Stalin’s image. His name will be remembered in history, for he will always remain â€Å"the man of steel†. Building Stalin’s Cult of Personality Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

GDI Graphics in Visual Basic .NET Tutorial

GDI Graphics in Visual Basic .NET Tutorial GDI is the way to draw shapes, fonts, images or generally anything graphic in Visual Basic .NET. This article is the first part of a complete introduction to using GDI in Visual Basic .NET. GDI is an unusual part of .NET. It was here before .NET (GDI was released with Windows XP) and it doesnt share the same update cycles as the .NET Framework. Microsofts documentation usually states that Microsoft Windows GDI is an API for C/C programmers into the Windows OS. But GDI also includes the namespaces used in VB.NET for software-based graphics programming. WPF But its not the only graphics software provided by Microsoft, especially since Framework 3.0. When Vista and 3.0 were introduced, the totally new WPF was introduced with it. WPF is a high-level, hardware accelerated approach to graphics. As Tim Cahill, Microsoft WPF software team member, puts it, with WPF you describe your scene using high-level constructs, and we’ll worry about the rest. And the fact that its hardware accelerated means that you dont have to drag down the operation of your PC processor drawing shapes on the screen. Much of the real work is done by your graphics card. Weve been here before, however. Every great leap forward is usually accompanied by a few stumbles backward, and besides, it will take years for WPF to work its way through the zillions of bytes of GDI code. Thats especially true since WPF just about assumes that youre working with a high-powered system with lots of memory and a hot graphics card. Thats why many PCs couldnt run Vista (or at least, use the Vista Aero graphics) when it was first introduced. So this series continues to be available on the site for any and all who continue to need to use it. Good Ol Code GDI isnt something that you can drag onto a form like other components in VB.NET. Instead, GDI objects generally have to be added the old way by coding them from scratch! (Although, VB .NET does include a number of very handy code snippets that can really help you.) To code GDI, you use objects and their members from a number of .NET namespaces. (At the present time, these are actually just wrapper code for Windows OS objects which actually do the work.) Namespaces The namespaces in GDI are: System.Drawing This is the core GDI namespace. It defines objects for basic rendering (fonts, pens, basic brushes, etc.) and the most important object: Graphics. Well see more of this in just a few paragraphs. System.Drawing.Drawing2D This gives you objects for more advanced two-dimensional vector graphics. Some of them are gradient brushes, pen caps, and geometric transforms. System.Drawing.Imaging If you want to change graphical images - that is, change the palette, extract image metadata, manipulate metafiles, and so forth - this is the one you need. System.Drawing.Printing To render images to the printed page, interact with the printer itself, and format the overall appearance of a print job, use the objects here. System.Drawing.Text You can use collections of fonts with this namespace. Graphics Object The place to start with GDI is the  Graphics  object. Although the things you draw show up on your monitor or a printer, the Graphics object is the canvas that you draw on. But the Graphics object is also one of the first sources of confusion when using GDI. The Graphics object is always associated with a particular  device context. So the first problem that virtually every new student of GDI confronts is, How do I  get a Graphics object? There are basically two ways: You can use the  e  event parameter that is passed to the  OnPaint  event with the  PaintEventArgs  object. Several events pass the  PaintEventArgs  and you can use the to refer to the Graphics object that is already being used by the device context.You can use the  CreateGraphics  method for a device context to create a Graphics object. Heres an example of the first method: Protected Overrides Sub OnPaint( _   Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal e As System.Windows.Forms.PaintEventArgs)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim g As Graphics e.Graphics   Ã‚  Ã‚  g.DrawString(About Visual Basic vbCrLf _   Ã‚  Ã‚   and GDI vbCrLf A Great Team, _   Ã‚  Ã‚  New Font(Times New Roman, 20), _   Ã‚  Ã‚  Brushes.Firebrick, 0, 0)   Ã‚  Ã‚  MyBase.OnPaint(e) End Sub Click Here to display the illustration Add this into the Form1 class for a standard Windows Application to code it yourself. In this example, a Graphics object is already created for the form  Form1. All your code has to do is create a local instance of that object and use it to draw on the same form. Notice that your code  Overrides  the  OnPaint  method. Thats why  MyBase.OnPaint(e)  is executed at the end. You need to make sure that if the base object (the one youre overriding) is doing something else, it gets a chance to do it. Often, your code works without this, but its a good idea. PaintEventArgs You can also get a Graphics object using the  PaintEventArgs  object handed to your code in the  OnPaint  and  OnPaintBackground methods  of a Form. The  PrintPageEventArgs  passed in a  PrintPage  event will contain a Graphics object for printing. Its even possible to get a Graphics object for some images. This can let you paint right on the image the same way you would paint on a Form or component. Event Handler Another variation of method one is to add an event handler for the  Paint  event for the form. Heres what that code looks like: Private Sub Form1_Paint( _   Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal sender As Object, _   Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal e As System.Windows.Forms.PaintEventArgs) _   Ã‚  Ã‚  Handles Me.Paint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim g As Graphics e.Graphics   Ã‚  Ã‚  g.DrawString(About Visual Basic vbCrLf _   Ã‚  Ã‚   and GDI vbCrLf A Great Team, _   Ã‚  Ã‚  New Font(Times New Roman, 20), _   Ã‚  Ã‚  Brushes.Firebrick, 0, 0) End Sub CreateGraphics The second method to get a Graphics object for your code uses a  CreateGraphics  method that is available with many components. The code looks like this: Private Sub Button1_Click( _   Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal sender As System.Object, _   Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal e As System.EventArgs) _   Ã‚  Ã‚  Handles Button1.Click   Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim g Me.CreateGraphics   Ã‚  Ã‚  g.DrawString(About Visual Basic vbCrLf _   Ã‚  Ã‚   and GDI vbCrLf A Great Team, _   Ã‚  Ã‚  New Font(Times New Roman, 20), _   Ã‚  Ã‚  Brushes.Firebrick, 0, 0) End Sub There are a couple of differences here. This is in the  Button1.Click  event because when  Form1  repaints itself in the  Load  event, our graphics are lost. So we have to add them in a later event. If you code this, youll notice that the graphics are lost when  Form1  has to be redrawn. (Mimimize and maximize again to see this.) Thats a big advantage to using the first method. Most references recommend using the first method since your graphics will be repainted automatically. GDI can be tricky!

Missouri Inchoate Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Missouri Inchoate Crimes - Essay Example The present study focuses on the statute for inchoate crimes in Missuori and compares it with the historical common law for the same and hence studies the differences. Missouri and its Statute for Inchoate Crimes: In the present study, focus has been concerned with the cases of attempt and conspiracy. As far as the statutes of the inchoate crimes in Missouri are concerned, the elements of the statutes may be learnt as follows. Missouri Laws 564.011 – Attempt: The Elements: 564.011. 1: Based on this statute, an individual is held responsible for attempting an act of crime where he intends to take some step in accomplishing an act of crime. A considerable measure is accomplished which is powerfully supportive of the resolution of the purpose of the criminal to accomplish the charge of the crime (Missouri Laws 564.011 – Attempt, 2009). 2. According to this section, it is not a resistance to a trial that the crime tried to be committed was, under the genuine conditions of s upport, literally or lawfully impractical of occurrence, in case such crime could have been attempted when the conditions of the support were the actor as could be supposed (Missouri Laws 564.011 – Attempt, 2009). 3. ... Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy: The Elements: 564.016. 1. According to this section, an individual is accountable for conspiracy with other individuals to commit a crime if, he agrees with the others that they would be involved in such misconduct (Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy, 2009). 2. In case of an individual conspiring with another person or other individuals who are already involved in some other conspiracy then this person is also considered to be a part of the other conspiracy as well (Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy, 2009). 3. When an individual conspires to commit numerous crimes, he is considered accountable for only a single conspiracy where the other offenses are the objectives of the same accord (Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy, 2009). 4. An individual cannot be held guilty of conspiracy if an evident criminal act associated with the conspiracy is not suspected and proved to have been accomplished by him or the other individuals involved in the conspiracy (Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy, 2009). 5. (1) An individual cannot be held guilty of conspiracy if, after the plan of conspiracy of a criminal act, he prohibited the execution of the goals of the conspiracy in case of situations where he wishes to abandon his act; (2) The defendant is supposed to have the trouble of introducing the matter of abandonment of â€Å"criminal purpose under subdivision (1) of this subsection† (Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy, 2009). 6. Considering the limitations of time on trials: (1) Conspiracy has been considered as an ongoing path of demeanor which expires when the acts of the crimes are abandoned by the conspirer himself; (2) If an individual discards his plan, the

Financial Markets - Raising Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Markets - Raising Capital - Essay Example In fact the financing decisions form an integral part of a firm’s policy decisions. Usually, the financial managers prefer debt over equity on account of interest tax deductibility and low cost associated with debt. Mr Exposito plans to raise funds for the purpose of expanding his winery business. A careful analysis of the various sources of funding has been done to suggest the best available alternative based on the size of the winery business and the prevailing conditions in the market. Analysis of capital instruments There are two forms of financing - long term and short term. The long term financing instruments include debentures, bonds, term loans & shares and the short term debt instruments include bank overdraft & trade credit. Bonds- A bond is a long-dated financial instrument used by the companies to raise funds from the public. The bondholders are entitled to regular interest in the form of coupon payments. Normally, the bond is listed in the stock exchange. It has a fixed date of maturity which is the date at which the company agrees to pay back the principal amount to the holder of the instrument. The issue of a bond creates a legal binding on the company. Even in the event of a loss the company cannot dishonour the interest payments as this can have legal repercussions. The companies mostly issue fixed coupons bonds offering semi-annual payments until the date of maturity. There may be other types of bonds like fluctuating coupon bonds or bonds with an annual or quarterly payment feature. Besides there are zero coupon bonds that do not require any interest payments. The bonds can further be classified on the basis of the collateral as mortgage bonds, collateral trust bonds and equipment trust certificates. The real property is used as collateral in the case of mortgage bonds. The securities owned by the corporate act as a security for the collateral trust bonds whereas the inventories and company equipments act as security for equipment trus t certificates. The price of the bond is inversely proportional to the interest rate. A rise in the interest rate can lower the price of the bonds and vice versa. Considering the interest rate sensitivity the bonds can be of two types- callable and non callable bonds. If after a bond issue the interest rates fall in the market then the corporate can call back the bonds issued at a higher interest rate and issue new bonds at a lower rate of interest (Rini, 2002, p.57). Debentures- The features of debentures are more or less similar to that of bonds except that unlike bonds the debentures carry a pre-determined rate of interest. Depending on ‘security’ the debentures can be classified as secured and unsecured. Secured debentures carry a charge on the company assets. The company cannot dispose-off these assets without the approval of the debenture holders. The unsecured debentures do not carry any such charge on the asset which makes it risky from the point of view of the investors. Again the debentures can be classified as per ‘convertibility’ into convertible and non-convertible debentures. The former gets converted into equity after a specified time period. Therefore in the future the debenture holders get an option to acquire a stake in the company. The non-convertible debentures are repaid at the end of the maturity and cannot be converted into equity. Depending on the ‘payment pattern’ the debentures c

The Way We Lie By Stephanie Ericsson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Way We Lie By Stephanie Ericsson - Essay Example In addition we also understand that the only way to bring change in this regard is to start the change at an individual level. Stephanie Ericsson thesis is that lies have become part and parcel of our lives. We have developed many means of telling lies and deceiving others and in some cases ourselves. Writer is of the opinion that now we have formatted our live styles in a manner that to tell lie or indulge in it unconsciously is more of a rule than an exception. Therefore, we have started to lay down our own limits and justify our lies in one way or the other. In the process we are continuously confronted with our inner self. In hearts of heart we are fully aware of the "lie" we are indulging in but we tend to justify it in one way or the other. Writer is of the opinion that this attitude of ours, as a society, had brought us to a point that we have become insensitive to the lies we are confronting in our daily lives. In the words of the writer "Our acceptance of lies becomes a cultural cancer that eventually shrouds and reorders reality until moral garbage becomes as invisible to us as water is to a fish" . The author supported the thesis by indicating the complexities of the "lies" in our lives, which we have created ourselves. In the essay author has mentioned and explained different types of lies like white lies, facades, ignoring the plain facts, deflecting, omission, stereotypes and clichs, group think, out and out lies, dismissal and delusion. There are certain interesting points which appear when one goes through the explanations of these lies in the essay, which are:- 1. The lies have made such a place in our personal lives that we do adopt them and don't realize that we are indulging in the activity of lying per se. 2. There are lies which we ourselves indulge into at individual level(now almost unconsciously) like facades, ignoring plain facts, deflecting and omission where as in some cases we are subjected to lies regularly by others like in the case of stereotypes and clichs, group think, dismissal and delusion. 3. In today's society when we are so adapted to lies that we shift our position and form the part of any of the categorized lies without remorse. 4. We have to lay down our lines to correct our course towards lies. And for this we have to start with ourselves. Writer has most suitably quoted the country song's line in this regard that "You've got to stand for something or you'll fall for anything." In my opinion, I agree (Personal Experience) Given example: I agree with the writer about the indulgence of lying in our lives and the issue of start addressing it at an individual level. We all are suffering from this and will continue to suffer if we don't take charge of "our individual lives". Our main problem is that we are waiting for others to change so that we can follow them comfortably. Ironically, others are doing the same. We all say and understand that our lives are full of lies and really dislike it too, but eventually keep on practicing the same way of life. In fact over a period of time our society has turned out to be a bunch of Hypocrites who dislike hypocrisy and lies!!!! In my childhood, I was taught in school that how bad it is to say a lie: the same thing was being hammered in me by my parents and relatives. On the other hand, I can not even count the number of time I

Energy Losses in Pipes

Energy Losses in Pipes ABSTRACT The objective of this lab is to associate the loss of energy in a hydraulic system with the geometry of the pipe, that contains the fluid, while it is being transported from one location to another. Special considerations were given to major and minor energy losses. Friction was taken and treated as a major loss with respect to energy, while other factors such as expansions, contractions, pipe bends, pipe fittings and obstructions were considered as minor energy losses. The design of any hydraulic systems is governed by the understanding of these relations, and this experiment is carried out with the intention proving that there is a loss of energy specifically related to these factors. [4] The DMXL Base Unit  ® in accordance with the DLM-6  ® cartridge were used to perform the experiment, using water as the medium of choice. The cartridges pressure transducers recorded the pressure differences at three locations of interest. The locations included a straight pipe secti on, a smooth 90 ° bend, and a sharp 90 ° right angle turn. For proper comparison, these results were all at the same length, of 70 mm. A total of 20 data points were tabulated, and used to calculate the loss of energy coefficients and head loss, for of all three sections. The results showed that there was a greater loss of energy with the sharp 90 ° right angle, followed by the smooth 90 ° bend and finally, the straight section had the least amount of energy loss. According to the principles of fluid mechanics, the assumption is that the highest loss of energy would correspond to the sharp 90 ° right angle bend. The results reinforced that assumption. INTRODUCTION In almost all hydraulic systems, it can be observed that there are energy losses with respect to friction and geometrical changes. The friction loss in pipes is due to the influence of the fluids viscosity near the surface of the surrounding pipe. The energy losses due to pressure changes can be seen in every part of a hydraulic system due to the expansions, contractions, bends in pipes, pipe fittings, and obstructions in the pipes. [2] This loss of energy is then transferred as heat. Frictional losses in pipework are related to: Velocity of flow Roughness of pipe surface Length of pipe Cross-sectional area of pipe Viscosity of fluid Number of pipe bends The complete acceptable pressure drop of the hydraulic system must be picked with care, as the power loss is a result of the pressure drop and system flow rate. There is an efficiency loss that must be adjusted for the cost of bigger fittings and hoses and pipework. The energy of no use is disseminated as heat energy in oil, which may prompt to cooling issues and condensing of the oil life. [1] Pressure losses in pipework will rely on the fluid flow condition. There are three particular fluid flow conditions: Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Transition Flow As it can be seen in Figure 1, Laminar stream is the condition when the liquid particles travel easily in straight lines, the internal most liquid layer goes at the most elevated speed and the external most layer at the pipe surface doesnt move. [2] Figure 1. Laminar Flow [2] Turbulent flow has unusual and disorderly liquid molecule movements, to such an extent that a comprehensive blending of the fluid happens, as appeared in Figure 2. A turbulent flow is generally not attractive, as the flow resistance increments and in this way the hydraulic losses increment. [3] Figure 2. Turbulent Flow [3] As shown in Figure 3, with turbulence in the focal point of the pipe, and laminar flow close to the edges, the transactional flow can be seen that it is a blend of the turbulent and laminar flow. [2] Figure 3. Transitional Flow [2] Inside a pipe system, there are two sorts of losses. The first is a Major Loss and comprises of the head losses because of viscous impacts in straight fragments of pipe in the system. [5] Which is referred to as h_(L major) and the equation follows as: (1) The second sort is a Minor Loss and is a form of losses produced inside segments of the pipe system other than the straight pipes themselves. [5] Which is referred to as h_ (L minor) and the equation follows as: (2) The equation for head loss at a sudden expansion can be written as: (3) And expression for the head loss at a sudden contraction is as: (4) The head loss due to a bend can be shown by the expression as: (5) METHODOLOGY Equipment and Materials List: For the experiment, we used the Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems cartridge on DLMX Base Unit  ®. The DLMX is a teaching equipment that can be presented as one of the absolute best designed educating device that is utilized to teach students from various different subjects like Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer. The equipment includes a small battery operated, base unit, into which has one of the seven different cartridges is plugged. [3] The base unit contains: Viewing panel Water reservoir Pump Controls Experimental Apparatus: According to the General Operating Instructions from the provided lab manual, the DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems)  ® was installed as shown below in Figure 4, with a filled Base Unit and powered on. The flow rate was adjusted using the knob on the Base Unit. The flow rate and corresponding differential pressure readings across the straight pipe, smooth bend and sharp bend sections appeared on the output screen. Figure 4. DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) [3] The cartridges have the particular instrumentation required for the specific demonstration and contain an experimental representation of the topic. The base unit involves a round, clear acrylic water reservoir, mounted on a powerful vacuum shaped ABS plastic plinth, shown below in Figure (#). Under the plinth is a pump with a variable speed control, battery, flow meter, the electrical control hardware, and level sensor [6]. Figure (5) Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems cartridge on DLMX Base Unit [3] Experimental Procedure: To commensurate our lab, we referred to Filling Pressure Transducer Tubes section as we powered on the machine. We then installed the DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems)  ® into the Base Unit filled with water and ensured that all pressure readings are at zero flow rate. We can read the flow rate and pressure drop at that moment is given if we scrolled down on the display on the machine. Next, we checked for the possible maximum flow rate. From there we were able to get an estimate of the increment differences needed for each reading. The flow rate was set to ~ 1 L/min and increased in approximately equal increments until the maximum flow rate was achieved. And then the pressure drop was obtained and recorded. Steps were repeated until Experimental DLMX  ® data table is completed. RESULTS Table 1 shows the data points recorded from different runs of fluid flowing through ΆP Straight, ΆP Smooth, and ΆP RA Bend. Table 1. Data points recorded from the experiment. Dimension Constants: Square pipe width = 4 mm Smooth bend radius = 8 mm (to channel center) Distance between pressure taps: Straight section: 70 mm Smooth bend section: 70 mm Sharp bend section: 70 Ç‚RA = right angle bend Velocity: In Table 2, we found the Velocity by using the equation of Flow rate, Area: (area = 0.004*0.004 =0.000016 m2); Q: Flow rate (6) Table 2. Velocity obtained from different runs. Headloss: Head loss for straight, smooth and right angle pipe are shown below in Table 3: We used Pascals Law to calculate the loss coefficient. This can be found by using equation of: HL = (7) Table 3. Head loss for straight, smooth and right angle pipe Loss Coefficient: K smooth =289.30, k RA= 267.48, f Straight= 1.461*10^-4, As we know that hydraulic diameter, (8) (9) therefore, The values below are derived from basic equation of Head loss, HL = {This same equation is used for straight pipes} {This same equation is used for smooth and RA pipes} In the above equations f and K are the loss coefficients. Loss coefficients for straight, smooth and right angle pipes are shown below: Table 4. Loss coefficients of Straight, Smooth, and RA Bend Pipe. DISCUSSION In order to obtain the pressure difference in a circular pipe it is possible to reduce the energy equation as follows. (10) (11) Where, à ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ­ = Density of fluid, g = gravity, h = height, P = pressure, V = average velocity, z = elevation and This reduction is applicable when the cross-sectional area as well as the elevation are equal. For circular channels, the head loss due to flow can be obtained using the equation below. (12) Where, f = Stanton friction factor, L = length of circular channel, D = diameter, V = average velocity and g = gravity. In contrast to circular channels, the energy equation can also be used to obtain the pressure difference in noncircular channels as follows. (13) However, in noncircular channels, the head loss due to flow can be obtained using the equation (14) Where, (15) Moreover, the friction factor for non-circular channels is a function of the roughness factor divided by the hydraulic radius and the Reynolds number. (16) For noncircular channels, the Reynolds number is also calculated using the hydraulic diameter as follows. (17) It is possible to measure pressure losses arising from fittings to the piping system using the DLMX fluid mechanics cartridge fitted with differential pressure transducers that connected to pressure taps which registers the difference in pressure related to the flow. The pressure difference can be evaluated using the energy equation that includes major friction losses due to fittings on the piping system as follows. (18) For the cartridge, the energy balance equation begins as follows below. (19) Considering the cartridge as a closed system the energy balance equation reduces as follows below. (20) Physically, represents the pressure losses per unit mass of water in the cartridge. On the other hand, represents the differences in pressure at the three points of interest associated with flow. The hierarchy of pressure difference starting from the least pressure difference to the highest is as follows below. The pressure drop at the right-angled bend can be calculated using from the energy balance equation below. (21) Because there is no change in diameter throughout the length of the bend, no change in elevation, as well as no change in elevation, the energy balance equation reduces to. (22) The loss coefficient is a dimensionless coefficient derived from dividing the head loss by as follows below. (23) Therefore, Finally, to calculate the required pressure losses in the bend the equation above reduces as follows below. (24) At the straight portion of the pipe, the pressure drop equation reduces as follows below. (25) Where f=the friction coefficient, D=diameter of the pipe and L= the length of the pipe. In order to find the length of straight pipe that would be sufficient to generate the same amount of pressure drop at the right-angled bend the pressure drops have to be made equal as follows below. (26) The length of the pipe then reduces to the formula below. (27) It is possible to determine the loss coefficient graphically from the experimental values by creating a graph of the head loss vs dynamic head. (28) Where and = dynamic head, the loss coefficient Figure 6. Head loss vs Dynamic Head CONCLUSION The goals of this lab was to measure the head losses through straight, smooth, and sharp- bend pipe fittings and then use these measurements to estimate the loss of energy coefficients for each transition or fitting. For the experiment, the DML-6  ® cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) was used with the DLMX Base Unit  ®, using water as the fluid of choice. The flow rate and corresponding differential pressure readings across the straight pipe, smooth bend and sharp bend sections were all recorded. A total of 20 data points were collected. The collected datas were used to calculate the head losses and loss of energy coefficients for all three sections. The results show that the pressure difference in the right-angle bend is higher than smooth bend, and pressure difference in smooth is higher than the straight bend pipes. Also, the average head loss of a right-angle pipe, 1.633, is certainly higher than average head loss of the smooth, 2.144, and straight, 1.63 3. Furthermore, the average loss coefficient of right angle pipe, 16.84078, was also higher than smooth, 10.988725, and straight, 0.13513, pipes. Uncertainty analysis indicate that one possible source of error came from the pressure readings. The pressure readings at the reference point for each component and each flow was some value greater than zero, but the problem with this was that all the reference point readings should have been zero regardless of the set up. The reason for this difference is still unknown, however the doubt is that there was a problem with the machines manometer. The lesson learned with this experiment was the energy losses in pipes due to different fittings. The experiment was quite interesting, yet this hands-on approach lesson will help us succeed in the real engineering world as well. REFERENCES [1] Bruce Roy, Munson, T. H. Okiishi and Donald F. Young. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley Sons, 2009. [2] Smith, W.F., Turbulent and Laminar Flow in Pipes, with the Particular Reference to the Transition between the Straight, Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws, J. Inst. Civ. Eng. Lond., vol.11, pp. 148-178, 1979-78. [3] DLMX Base Unit and DLM-6 Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems. (2017, February 28). Retrieved from http://discoverarmfield.com/en/products/view/dlmx/desktop-learning-modules [3] Hibbeler, R. C. 10.2 Losses Occurring from Pipe Fittings and Laminar, Turbulent, and Transitions. Fluid Mechanics. N.p.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2015. 578-46. Print. [4] Fluid Flow through between Pipes. Pump-House, University of South Carolina, Columbia (2007): n. pag. Web. http://www.cs.cdu.edu.au/home-page/jayitroy/eng477/sect10.pdf pg. 47 [5] Head Loss Coefficients of Major and Minor. Vano Engineering. N.p., 13 Dec. 2014. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. [6] Shukla. S.K., Indian Journal of Applied Research, of various different flow rates, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 313-377, April. 2015. [7] Donald, James C., M. F. Sherif, and V. P. Kumar. 8.4 Minor and Major Losses in Pipes. Elementary Hydraulics. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2004. 257-78. Print. [8] John Ray, W.F., 1947, Turbulent Flow in Pipes with Particular reference to the Transition Region between the Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws, J. Institution. of Civil Engr Dept., I7, pp 178-167. APPENDIX A We learned how different pipe fittings results in energy losses in pipes. Although it was quite difficult to do all the calculations, plus the presence of uncertainty created a doubt on the result, our team found this lab very interesting. The results were also close to the expected outcome. APPENDIX B Names Tasks Hours Rigoberto Aguilera Maaz Khan Esther Ndichu Trang Pham Prabhjit Singh APPENDIX C It should be noted that when using Bernoullis equation, one must take into consideration the height of a pipe. The data that was used in the calculations was processed without that consideration. The manufacturer of the unit explains that the pressure transducers inside the DLM-6  ® cartridge do not measure hydrostatic pressures between the taps, when the tubes are filled with water. As it can be seen in the image below the device is filled with water, but the water is not in motion. The levels of the manometer tubes are the same, regardless of the vertical setup. With the same concept in mind, it is clear to see that the pressure transducers will also fail to measure any pressure change with respect to gravity.

A Night to Remember - Original Writing :: Papers

A Night to Remember - Original Writing It was the day of the concert. The lively atmosphere around the arena was only beginning, being there early before, I saw the transformation of the what seemed to be spacious hall, into a jam packed stadium, mocked with nothing but up for it Geordies and music lover alike. As the lights sparkled above the stage, the huge amplifiers buzzed, vibrating the seat in which I had suddenly risen from. Announcements through the loud speakers were cropping up every minute, adding to the anxiety, whilst the crowds poured in, creating a carnival like atmosphere, despite still being an hour away form the main performance. Market stall like shops were beginning to unfold around the perimeter of the seated area; hats, shirts, jumpers you name it were being sold to the public with the name 'Stereophonics' sprung across them, mean while the more 'intelligent' of us crammed ourselves down to the front where the party was just starting. By the time fifty five minutes had passed, although it had seemed like days, a small acquainted girl, who when turned around looked at least thirty, noticed smoke effects coming from the ground of the stage as the florescent lights illuminated the entire audience which had now filled almost to the brim shouted "its begun!" Silhouettes of the and member, Stuart Cable and both Stuart and Kelly Jones appeared on the giant screens of paper behind there instruments before bursting through leaving the 'cannibalistic' like crowd roaring and urging forward, pushing against the dim steel rails lined with security guards. As Kelly, the lead guitarist and singer, introduced himself, the drummer, Stuart, Began a huge ear splitting fill, leading to the bands first song 'A Thousand Trees'. After hearing this song on there album I thought it was great, well now it was beyond great. With the atmosphere of the watching crowd and the raucous instrumental music being played before me, the words couldn't stop coming from my mouth, then again, I wasn't alone. As the song came to an en, the

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Films have always been an outlet for a confused society; with themes of politics, religion, relationship and illness movies are the way the modern world deals with its hardships and examines its own motives and actions.   â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† is one of the more controversial films in this eye-opening genre, with political themes running strong throughout in such a way as to seemingly point fingers and make strongly opinionated remarks about our current political situation. The 2004 film was remade from an earlier 1962 version, which before taking that format was actually a novel written by Richard Condon in 1959.   Its political premise was originally based on the Cold War; the book and the original film shied away from the usual opinion that it was Communists who were solely misguided and instead portrayed a world where Communists, Capitalists and everybody in between was faulted ideologically.   The people in Condon’s book existed within a conspiratorial net that saw brainwashed operatives of the Communist Party seeking to take office and exploit their position for monetary gains (Gianos 1998). The 2004 version, by contrast, has been quite clearly adapted for the age of the War on Terror, with Communists replaced by the new perceived enemy, corporate giants, in this case â€Å"Manchurian Global†.   It becomes clear as the movie progresses that the main characters have been brainwashed by Manchurian Global to protect and grow the interests of the corporation. One character, under the direct influence of his power hungry mother, seeks election into office, while the other is representative of an entire section of the military in supporting his campaign.   This latter character, Marco, becomes suspicious of his own actions concerning the vice-presidential candidate, Shaw, when he realizes that he and every other military officer who served with his is using the exact same words to describe their support of the man; basically that he is a wonderful man and an excellent soldier who will make the best vice-president. 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Through the brainwashing, the corporation expected to gain high level contracts and a huge amount of money and power.   It falls to Marco to expose the plot and explain it to Shaw before he gives the company and all the people connected to the plot exactly what they want.   It is a story of corruption in government and the overall will of those in powerful places to exploit whoever is necessary to stay on top and bring in the cash. The reverberations of this film in current American politics is very strong and very controversial.   Political controversy in film is of course not a new thing; Brian Nerve explains that Hollywood has been a refuge for the suspicious world since its earliest days, and that movies like â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† are not the product of unsound minds but of a lack of transparency throughout the political world (Nerve 1992). This movie in particular has been built upon that ever-present facet of the American public: the conspiracy theory.   Whether it’s a Presidential assassination or a corporate cover-up, Americans want to know every detail and whether or not there are real conspiracies of this magnitude actually occurring is difficult to tell when questions constantly go unanswered and the imagination takes over.   More than anything, Manchurian Global has a startling likeness to American corporations like Halliburton, who have in recent years been harshly chided for their role in global inequality and exploitation in the name of money. The people in league with Manchurian Global are portrayed as basically heartless, inhuman and scandalous; these elements of scandal can always be found in political films according to Gillespie and Lerner (2000).   The producers were well aware of the parallels they were drawing between their characters and the members of America’s present government, and the audience was generally predisposed to believe the worst of its government before seeing such a shocking story of manipulation played out for them onscreen.   They wonder if they are being brainwashed to accept a fabricated reality, or if they are simply not seeing the whole picture. In its entirety, â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† has questioned the accuracy of media portrayals of events in such a way as the American public truly wanted to see – however the movie was so undeniably outrageous in its plot details that instead of reinforcing the idea that the government is hiding something from the public all it really did was make the audience question their current beliefs concerning conspiracy. Few people are prepared to believe blatant military brainwashing, and this is the major weak point in the film.   â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† is a movie that sets itself far apart from mainstream entertainment in its political aspects and ideas.   It has drawn an audience mostly intent on getting angry at the state of government and politics, though unfortunately in the end it falls short.   Instead of solidifying current thought patterns or expanding on them, the film merely sparks doubt in the minds of those most willing to believe its plot.   All in all, â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† is quite unworthy of the hype. Works Cited Gianos, Phillip. Politics and Politicians in American Film. CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998. Nerve, Brian. Film and Politics in America: A Social Tradition. New York: Routledge, 1992. Schultz, David. It's Show Time!: Media, Politics, and Popular Culture. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.      

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